The first sound change
Indo-european | became | Germanic |
p | f | |
t | th | |
g | k | |
k | ch | h |
d | t |
Examples from English
Latin or Greek | English | German |
pater | father | Vater |
ped/pod | foot | Fuss |
plat(eau) | flat | flach |
pyre | fire | >Feuer |
trin(ity) | three | drei |
genus genu | kin knee | Knie |
kard/cord | heart | Hertz |
On the mainland expansion to the east was blocked by the Baltic-speaking tribes and the ancestors of the Finns and the Estes. Expansion into what are now the Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary was slowed by peoples speaking the Illyrian languages.
Along the upper Danube and the upper Rhine, Celtic speaking peoples were dominant and beginning their linguistic expansion.